On the one hand, open source software and creativecommons licensing. Physical reach physical reach is defined as the maximum physical distance that can be achieved for a particular transmission system. This address is technically called the media access control address mac because it is found on the mac sub layer of the data link layer. This tutorial is divided into distinct chapters, which explains the structural features of.
Network standards are important to ensure that hardware and software can work together. This layer is responsible for endtoend delivery between hosts. Optical networks introduction the current thinking about ip over wdm by outlining a path to optical data networking, that includes multiple data networking protocol coupled with a protocoln. The maximum permissible optical power attenuation between olt optical ports to ont input is 28db, which is by utilizing the socalled class b optical network elements. Data communication and computer network tutorialspoint. Basic of optical distribution frame odf fs community. Fiber distributed data interface fddi is a standard for data transmission in a local area network. In passive optical network pon, optical splitters play an important role in fiber to the home ftth networks by allowing a single pon interface to be shared among many subscribers. Fig 1 gives an example of a network in a school comprising of a local area network or lan connecting computers with each other, the internet, and various servers. Design and implementation of a practical ftth network. Tutorialspoint also provides the facility to prepare for upsc exams by providing the free upsc notes and current affair content. An olt is the service provider endpoint of a pon and is placed in a co or head end.
The optical transport hierarchy oth is a new transport technology for the optical transport network otn developed by the itu. This tutorial will address all of these questions and explain the technologies, architectures, and market trends for emerging optical networks. Optical communication pdf notes oc pdf notes smartzworld. Different colors of light, called wavelengths, are combined into one optical signal and sent over a fi beroptic cable to a farend optical multiplexing system. They are based on optical technologies and components, and are used to route, groom, and resto. Label distribution protocol ldp establishes label to destination network mappings 2. Deploying a fiber optic physical infrastructure within a.
Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node. Optical multiplexing technology optical multiplexing technologies, such as dwdm and wdm systems, have revolutionized the use of optical fiber networks. Olt to the pon port of ont come under optical distribution network. Analog and digital transmission telecommunications. They both offer their own version of enhancements to accommodate better size ipethernet frames at variable rates gbps.
Introduction to computer networks and data communications learning objectives define the basic terminology of computer networks recognize the individual components of the big picture of computer networks outline the basic network configurations cite the reasons for using a network model and how those reasons apply to current network systems. Optical communication notes pdf oc notes pdf starts with the topics covering overview of optical fiber communication historical development, the general system, advantages of optical fiber communications, optical fiber wave guides introduction, ray theory transmission etc. Optical networks are telecommunications network of high capacity. A computer network is a set of devices connected through links. The majority of the backbone longhaul networks in the us and in several other countries use optical fiber as the transmission medium, and edfas play a major role. The ones and zerosthe onoff conditionsare carried through the network, and the receiving device repackages the ones and zeros to determine what character is being represented. The optical path that consists of these components is called the optical distribution network odn. Abb optical groups distribution centers and labs remain open during this time, and our response efforts to the coronavirus covid19 situation are being adjusted as necessary as things evolve. In this chapter, let us understand what split ratios, maximum reach and traffic. Addresses are numeric quantities that are easy for computers to work with, but not for humans to remember.
Ring networks are moderately easy to install expansion to the. How to design your ftth network splitting level and ratio. It can also work as a protective device to protect fiber optic connections from damage. The maximum permissible optical power attenuation between olt optical ports to ont input is 28db, which is by utilizing the socalled class b optical network. Pon has recently attracted much attention due to its low cost and high performance. Debaes et al receiverless optical clock injection for clock distribution networks 401 data paths 5, 6. Optical networks i about the tutorial optical networks are telecommunications network of high capacity. They both offer their own version of enhancements to accommodate. Optical network termination ont optical network unit onu an optical network termination is a customer premises equipment that provides user interfaces to the customer. A fair idea on digital networking and digital communication systems will be a plus. The optical distribution network odn can be divided into four parts from the co end to the user end. Introduction to computer networks and data communications. It is based on the network architecture defined in itu g. Principles, protocols and practice, release techniques allow to create pointtopoint links while radiobased techniques, depending on the directionality of the antennas, can be used to build networks containing devices spread over a small geographical area.
P a s sive optic al n et works the broadband connected household e nergy m onito r i ng video conference ala r m lo c k laundr y b o ok ing real estate services ethernet. Key distribution symmetric schemes require both parties to share a common secret key issue is how to securely distribute this key often a secure system failure due to a break in the key distribution scheme 24. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in. Onu optical network unit onu is a generic term denoting a device that terminates any one of the endpoints of a fiber to the premises network, implements a passive optical network pon protocol, and adapts pon pdus to subscriber service interfaces. Optical distribution network odn in a pon technology towards downstream side, all passive components from the pon port of olt to the pon port of ont come under optical distribution network. Ingress edge lsr receives packet, performs layer 3 valueadded services, and labels packets 3. Deploying a fiber optic physical infrastructure within a converged plantwide ethernet architecture introduction converged plantwide ethernet cpwe is the underlying architecture that provides standard network services for control and information disciplines, devices, and equipment found in modern industrial automation and. Key distribution two parties a and b can have various key distribution. This tutorial is divided into distinct chapters, which explains the structural features. By far the majority of ftth deployments in planning and in deployment use a pon in order to save on fiber costs. All other inbetween components such as odffdms connected towards sni comes under the optical access network.
While circuit solutions are able to overcome the shortcom. An odn realizes the optical transmission from the olt towards the users and vice versa. The optical line terminal olt resides in the co, connecting the optical access network to an ip, atm, or sonet backbone. Such active deskewing is achieved by implementing adjustable delay stages inside sector buffers in the itanium microprocessor. If the network operated at 100 mbs, the same device could switch automatically to the higher rate. The purpose of this article is to provide the nontechnical reader with an overview of. Optical line terminal optical network unit passive optical splitter pstn internet iptv onu onu pon is a kind of passive optical network featuring onetomultiplepoint architecture. The optical elements used in such networks are only passive components, such as fibers, splitterscouplers and connectors. Distributed object computing middleware omg02a, sch86, gur86, sch98a, wol96 such as corba, java rmi, soap which provides a support base for objects that can be dispersed throughout a network, with clients invoking opera. Data networks lecture 1 introduction eytan modiano eytan modiano slide 1. More commonly known as future proof, fiber to the home ftth is a new technology to deliver a communication signal over optical fiber. Frame relay, and synchronous optical network sonet. There are also more than 30 current affair modules available on tutorials point. This is a passive network like preemphasis required to adjust for uniform distribution of signal level over edfa band so that individual channel optical output.
Text pictures, sound, video, and numerical electrical or optical signal data can then be stored on floppy disks, used in computations, and sent from computer to 1 i. Edge lsr at egress removes label and delivers packet. In optical networks, one bits are represented by the presence of light, and zero bits are represented by the absence of light. Network topologies michigan technological university. Ethernet networks then could be 10 mbs or 100 mbs fast ethernet and connected with 10100 mbs ethernet devices that automatically switched network speeds. A computer network consists of a collection of computers, printers and other equipment that is connected together so that they can communicate with each other. Optical networks, wireless networks final exam during final exam week.
Optical splitters are installed in each optical network between the pon optical line terminal olt and the optical network terminals onts that the olt serves. Middleware for distributed systems vanderbilt university. Network security comprises of the measures adopted to protect the resources and integrity of a computer network. These are active optical networks aon and passive optical networks pon. Physical reach physical reach is defined as the maximum physical distance that can be achieved for a. Webopedias virtual private network vpn study guide. Some notable successes in middleware for distributed systems include. A network can be defined as a group of computers and other devices connected in some ways so as to be able to exchange data. They are based on optical technologies and components, and are used to route, groom, and restore wavelength levels and wavelengthbased services. Basics of fiber optics mark curranbrian shirk fiber optics, which is the science of light transmission through very fine glass or plastic fibers, continues to be used in more and more applications due to its inherent advantages over copper conductors. The network interface card address, called the hardware address, is protocolindependent and is usually assigned at the factory.
Our computer network tutorial includes all topics of computer network such as introduction, features, types of computer network, architecture, hardware, software, internet, intranet, website, lan, wan, etc. A highspeed network of storage devices that also connects those storage devices with servers. Data networks lecture 1 introduction mit opencourseware. Optical distribution network odn odn, an integral part of the pon. Optical networks tutorial optical networks are telecommunications network of high capacity. It uses optical fiber as its standard underlying physical medium, although it was also later specified to use copper cable, in which case it may be called cddi copper distributed data interface, standardized as tppmd twistedpair physical mediumdependent, also referred to as tpddi. One such problem, we feel, is that faced by designers of distribution networks. In this chapter, let us understand what split ratios, maximum reach and traffic management are in the optical distribution network odn.